CSS Insurance had no role in the study design, data collection, data analysis, interpretation, writing, or reviewing and approving the manuscript for publication. Data from Google NGram is freely available to anyone.įunding: GWT is partially funded by CSS Insurance, Switzerland. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.ĭata Availability: All relevant data are within the manuscript and its Supporting information files. Received: OctoAccepted: MaPublished: April 7, 2023Ĭopyright: © 2023 Teepe et al. PLoS ONE 18(4):Įditor: Omar Enzo Santangelo, Regional Health Care and Social Agency of Lodi, ITALY Implications for future research and professional and clinical implications of these findings are discussed.Ĭitation: Teepe GW, Glase EM, Reips U-D (2023) Increasing digitalization is associated with anxiety and depression: A Google Ngram analysis. We also improved the method by excluding terms with double meanings detected by 73 independent native speakers. Our results showed a negative correlation between the frequency of depression and religion words (r = -.25, p <. For the control construct religion, we found no significant correlations for word frequency over the last 50 years and no significant correlation between the frequency of anxiety and depression words. 001), and a significant correlation between the frequency of depression and anxiety words (r =. 001), a significant correlation between the frequency of anxiety and digitalization words (r =. 001), a significant correlation between the frequency of anxiety and depression words (r =. Our results show an increase in word frequency for anxiety, depression, and digitalization over the last 50 years (r =. We also retrieved word frequencies for the control construct “religion”. Our analyses comprise and compare data from six languages, British English, German, Spanish, Russian, French, and Italian. We extend related work by using the Google Books Ngram Viewer (Google Ngram) to retrieve and adjust word frequencies from a large corpus of books (8 million books or 6 percent of all books ever published) and to subsequently investigate word changes in terms of anxiety disorders, depression, and digitalization. Therefore, our study aims to evaluate the impact of an additional factor on a societal level, namely digitalization, by using a linguistic big data approach. Studies investigating risk factors on a societal level leading to these rises are so far limited to social-economic status, social capital, and unemployment, while most such studies rely on self-reports to investigate these factors. The prevalence of anxiety disorders and depression are rising worldwide.
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